THE COMPLEXITY OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) PROCESSES NEED TO BE EXPLORED IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE BI SYSTEM PROPERLY TREATS THE TACIT KNOWLEDGE AS PART OF THE DATA SOURCE IN THE BI FRAMEWORK.
The use of Artificial intelligence (AI) for educational purposes is examined in this assignment, along with how it might improve and personalize learning. The use of AI allows for the personalization of learning paths for each student, the identification of performance gaps, and the delivery of focused interventions. The literature review focuses on how AI can be used to optimize learners' progress toward autonomy, promote metacognitive acquiring knowledge and self-regulated practices and support personalized language acquisition. With the use of AI technologies, which offer personalized learning materials, online interaction, and flexible learning pathways, students may take charge of their education. But there are also discussions about issues like the necessity for human interaction, data privacy, and ethical issues. The findings imply that in order to ensure the successful application of AI, ethical considerations must be carefully considered and continually assessed. The study finds that artificial intelligence (AI) has the ability to revolutionize education, but it also recommends more research to fill in any gaps and enhance applications in the future.
Introduction
The usage of complex formulas and machine learning methods developed by artificial intelligence (AI) to automate activities, improve decision-making, and expand overall efficiency has revolutionized several industries. In the sphere of education, AI has the force to revolutionize conventional teaching approaches and empower both teachers and pupils. AI can form personalized wisdom ventures that are catered to each student's necessities, skills, and welfare by analyzing vast amounts of data and retrieving insightful acquaintances. The deconstruction aspires to research the integration of AI technologies into academic grounds to enrich the education procedure and handle the myriad knowledge necessities of learners. By leveraging AI, tutors can achieve practical perspicuity in pupils' advancement, pinpoint proficiency voids, and supply targeted interventions to stimulate adequate learning results. The scholarly journals review will enlighten the diverse research areas on this topic pinpointing the major trends, issues, and further prospects. Applying the appropriate method the results will be presenting the key developments in this study.
Review of literature
According to Chen et al. 2021, the rapidly growing trend of utilizing AI in the educational field has created a new space for innovative research studies. This machine-based algorithm is highly capable of making suggestions, and forecasts and even has decision-making agility. In the arena of schooling and education, AI can generate quality theoretical innovations with myriad applications and pedagogical marks. The paper underlines the function of AI tools in enabling personalized terminology learning. It underscores the prospect of AI to acclimate command and supply tailored and quite accurate data and feedback to students, thereby managing their demands and nurturing better education techniques and developments(Chen et al. 2021). The technology even can track a student’s overall growth, and understanding and can deliver recommendations accordingly with its high-end feature of natural language processing and intelligent tutoring systems.According to Chen et al. 2022, theintegration of modern AI trends leverages the practice of personalized language acquisition. It has a huge potential of adapting personalized instruction and recommendation-generating patterns that can dynamically handle the entire procedure of monitoring and tracking the understanding level of students and deliver scaffolding to each learner. The paper also has highlighted the role of technology in fostering metacognitive learning and self-regulated practices.
Even arising issues are identified by the authors such as data privacy interruption, unethical practices of Artificial Intelligence, the lack of practical training etc. The prospect of AI in optimizing the learners toward autonomy is another topic covered in the paper. Learning resources can be accessed and self-directed learning is made possible through these technologies(Chen et al. 2022). The ability to explore content based on competence level and educational choices is made possible by customized suggestions and adaptive learning routes. This autonomy encourages learners to take control of their education, fostering accountability and self-control.According to Mohammad Ali 2023, ChatGPT stimulates pupils to contend in liberated language exercises and quests. The AI tool gives students to access outside of the learning environment, enabling possibilities for ongoing schooling and individualized language evolution. With the autonomy equipped by AI tools like ChatGPT, learners may take charge of their academic ventures and hone self-regulation mastery. The article does, however, also admit significant tribulations with employing AI in language learning(Mohammad Ali 2023). When using AI technologies in education, it's vital to take into account issues like how poorly AI comprehends subtle linguistic and cultural distinctions as well as issues with data privacy and morals.
Recommendations
For conducting more effective research on this topic of AI integration in an educational context, several recommendations can be made. The study should incorporate primary data analysis besides reviewing secondary journals and research papers. It should conduct surveys and interviews engaging in active interaction with educators, administrators, and even the learners to receive insights on the practical usefulness or limits of AI integration in learning practices. Further, the long-term impacts of AI on pupil achievement outcomes can be gained by conducting longitudinal studies. Throughout the research process, strict ethical guidelines must be observed to protect the well-being, privacy, and rights of all participants..
This study proposes a logical Petri net model to leverage the modeling advantages of Petri nets in handling batch processing and uncertainty in value passing and to integrate relevant game elements from multi-agent game processes for modeling multi-agent decision problems and resolving optimization issues in dynamic multi-agent game decision-making. Firstly, the attributes of each token are defined as rational agents, and utility function values and state probability transition functions are assigned to them. Secondly, decision transitions are introduced, and the triggering of the optimal decision transition is determined based on a comparison of token utility function values, along with an associated algorithm. Finally, a dynamic game emergency business decision-making process for sudden events is modeled and analyzed using the logic game decision Petri net.
Based on reachable markings, reachable graphs are constructed to analyze the dynamic game process. Algorithms are described for the generation of reachable graphs, and the paper explores how the logic game decision model for sudden events can address dynamic game decision problems, generate optimal emergency plans, and analyze resource conflicts during emergency processes. The effectiveness and superiority of the model in analyzing the emergency business decision-making process for sudden events are validated. A sudden event is an emergency that poses direct risks and impacts human health, life, and property, requiring urgent intervention to prevent further deterioration. These intervention measures are organized into a process, which is typically described in an emergency plan and referred to as the emergency response process.
In this process, all emergency personnel are dedicated to managing disasters to minimize or avoid the secondary impacts of the disaster. Generating better contingency plans before emergency responses have become an urgent issue to address. The uncertainty of evacuation time during emergencies, and its stochastic analysis was conducted by coupling the uncertainty of fire detection, alarm, and pre-movement with evacuation time.The forecasting model is event-dependent and takes into account many social and environmental elements regarding different sorts of events, such as socio-economic situations and geographical features. This is due to the great range of emergency occurrences, including both natural and man-made ones. The business decision-making process in disaster operations management varies greatly depending on the type of occurrence, taking into account factors like severity, impacted region, population density, and local environment, among others.
There are many different types of hazards present worldwide. The health of vulnerable people is placed at risk by natural, biological, technological, and sociological dangers, which also have the potential to seriously impair public health. For instance, the authorities in-charge of providing clean water are responsible for the prevention of waterborne illnesses, while law enforcement and road transportation agencies are in charge of reducing traffic accidents. Zoonotic illnesses (diseases spread from animals to people) need coordinated action from the agricultural, environmental, and health sectors. These increases in new or reemerging diseases are attributed to a number of factors, including global warming, low vaccination rates in high-risk and vulnerable populations, growing vaccine resistance and skepticism, rising anti microbial resistance, and expanding coverage, frequency, and speed of international air travel. A professional who develops plans for emergencies, accidents, and other calamities is known as an emergency management director. Directors of emergency management work together with the leadership team of an organization to evaluate possible hazards and create best practices for handling them. Designing emergency procedures and developing preventative actions to lessen the risk of emergency circumstances occurring fall under their purview. Directors of emergency management play a crucial part in ensuring the safety of all employees and equipping staff to act effectively in case of an emergency. Plans for disaster preparation choose appropriate organizational resources, lay down the tasks and roles, establish rules and processes, and plan exercises to increase preparedness for disasters. The effectiveness of the response activities is improved when the needs of populations affected by catastrophes are anticipated. The effectiveness of the response operations is increased by increasing the ability of workers, volunteers, and disaster management teams to deal with crises. Plans could consist of the following: Sites for temporary refuge, and routes for evacuation water and energy sources for emergencies. Additionally, they might talk about stockpile requirements, communication protocols, training plans, chain of command, and training programs. One of the most crucial metrics for gauging the effectiveness of an evacuation is the time it takes.
Residents who are detained for an extended period of time represent a serious threat to staff safety because of the unpredictability of events. A building’s inhabitants who attempt to flee during a fire accident exhibit a range of response times (RTs) between the time they are given a warning and the decision to leave. A number of complex factors, such as occupants’ familiarity with evacuation routes, their ability to operate evacuation amenities and fire protection apparatuses, the number of people in the area,and occupants’ psychological and physical conditions and behaviors, can affect how affected personnel are evacuated from a disaster site. Different factors have an impact on evacuation time (ET). The results indicate that it is a variable influenced by a significant number of uncertain factors, including emergency evolution dynamics, human behavior under emergency conditions, and the environment. The benefits of developing appropriate emergency response plans using safety and industrial hygiene resources to mitigate or prevent harm to factory personnel and nearby community residents caused by chlorine gas leaks. Everyone on the team has to be knowledgeable on how to spot leaks and react to them in order to keep the employees safe when handling chlorine. Since chlorine has a strong, unpleasant scent that resembles that of a potent cleaning solution like bleach, most chlorine leaks are quite easy to detect. Every facility that works with chlorine has to have an emergency kit on hand. This kit should include a variety of tools that may be used to stop or limit leaks around plugs, valves, or the side wall of a tank or cylinder used to store chlorine. Breathe in some fresh air and leave the location where the chlorine gas was emitted. If the community has an emergency notification system, be sure they are familiar with it. For directions, consult local authorities and emergency bulletins. If the chlorine discharge occurred outside, seek protection inside.
To ensure that the contamination does not enter, make sure all windows are closed and ventilation systems are off. Leave the location where the chlorine was discharged if you are unable to get inside. Get outside and look for higher ground if the chlorine discharge occurred indoors. Open the windows and doors to the outdoors if the chlorine leak was caused by chemicals or home cleaners to allow infresh air. We focus on agent-based problem-solving strategies with business decision-making capabilities for CSC, which are based on Multi-criteria business decision-making methods (MCDM) methods for dealing with automated selection in CSC and PN techniques for modeling such context. Petri nets are used as modeling tools in the discrete-event dynamic process known as the multi-agent system. In comparison to alternating current micro grids, direct current micro-grids stand out for their ease of control and power management. They also offer a number of benefits, including higher conversion and transmission efficiency, greater reliability even in re-mote locations, convenient control, lower costs, and less filter effort due to the absence of reactive power, phase synchronization, high inrush current, etc. A rational actor must interact if enhancing subjective utility necessitates interaction with other agents. If there is contact between rational agents, at least one of the agents is trying to maximize his utility. Agents collaborate if their aims are the same. If their aims conflict, they engage in competition.
The majority of these interactions occur between these two extremes. An interacting agent would do well to predict the objectives of other agents. A more well-informed actor may foresee some aspects of how other agents will act in response to their objectives. In these situations, strategic thinking is required. A contact in which strategic thinking occurs is referred to as a strategic interaction (SI). In game theory, SI or games are examined. The game theory takes into account reason and the potential to forecast rational behavior. The existence of widespread awareness of reason is assumed. This implies that each participant in an interaction believes in there a son of the others and that they, in turn, believe in his rationality, and so on.The equilibrium is the expected behavior of players or participants in an interaction. If one of the players strays from equilibrium, nobody wins. Because of this, it is termed equilibrium. In finite games, there is at least one equilibrium. At least two application agent and mechanism designs are required for artificial intelligence games. We have a game in agent design and must calculate appropriate behavior. We have an expectation about the behavior and must develop game rules in mechanism design. These two goals can be addressed theoretically by running algorithms over a game tree, or practically by creating an environment in which various real players can interact. Most games are written in low-level programming. Game rules are more easily editable. Algorithms may be created that change game representation in every way imaginable, such as ‘reduce number of players’ or ‘remove simultaneous turns’.
Game representations may also be used to create evolutionary mechanisms. Logical Petri nets can further simplify the network structure of real-time system models, making it easier for us to analyze the properties of the system at a conceptual level, while also alleviating the problem of state space explosion to some extent. Petri nets can not only characterize the structure of a system but also describe its dynamic behavior. Currently, many scholars have proposed extended forms of Petri nets, such as logical Petri nets, timed Petri nets, and colored Petri nets, and their applications are becoming increasingly widespread. Multi-agent games involve multiple elements, such as players, strategies, utilities, and information equilibrium. The existing modeling elements of logical Petri nets cannot accurately describe these elements, so improvements need to be made to logical Petri nets. Based on the existing modeling elements of logical Petri nets, modifications or additions of new modeling elements are needed to model game elements, enabling the new model to accurately describe dynamic game problems in multi-agent systems.
We consider a mean-field game (MFG)-like scenario where a large number of agents must select between a set of various potential target destinations. This scenario is inspired by effective biological collective decision mechanisms such as the collective navigation of fish schools and honey bees searching for a new colony. The mean trajectory of all agents represents how each person impacts and is impacted by the group’s choice. The model can be seen as a stylized representation of opinion crystallization in a political campaign, for instance. The initial spatial position of the agents determines their biases initially, and then in a later generalization of the model, a combination of starting position and a priori individual preference. The existence criteria for the specified fixed point-based finite population equilibrium conditions are developed. In general, there may be several equilibria, and for the agents to compute them properly, they need to be aware of all the beginning circumstances.
At present, the preferred method of transmitting a rapid blockchain
message is to send several transactions, constituting a covert 5G
communication technique. However, this approach is inadequate for
processing larger quantities of sensitive data, and the potential for
losing confidential information is significant. Additionally, the
sender’s identity is not concealed. Despite the high embedding rate of
steganography techniques, they are increasingly vulnerable to detection
and statistical feature-based analysis. This investigation suggests a
covert blockchain communication methodology that incorporates spatial
federated learning and spatial blockchain as a means of fixing these
issues. By utilizing Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption
(CP-ABE) to encrypt the sensitive document and uploading it to the Inter
Planetary File System (IPFS), the technique conceals sensitive files
and the sender’s identity. Then, using image steganography based on
Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), the sender implants the hash
value of the encrypted document into a carrier image. After uploading
the encrypted image to IPFS, the sender creates a transaction with the
hash value of the encrypted image. This transaction is then signed by a
ring signature and broadcasted to the blockchain network for
verification and confirmation. The recipient retrieves the encrypted
document and decrypts it according to the access control policy
established by CP-ABE. According to experimental findings, this model
can increase the volume of sensitive data transmitted from KB to MB
while providing higher confidentiality and security.
In the dynamic landscape of data-driven decision-making, the intersection of Machine Learning (ML) and Business Intelligence (BI) has become a pivotal arena, propelling organizations toward more informed and strategic insights. The fusion of these two domains is characterized by a continuous evolution, marked by innovative trends that redefine how businesses extract value from their data. This synergy between ML and BI not only augments analytical capabilities but also transforms raw data into actionable intelligence, empowering organizations to navigate the complexities of the modern business environment.
As we delve into the emerging trends in ML and BI integration, it is evident that the convergence of advanced analytics and business intelligence is ushering in a new era of efficiency, automation, and foresight. From augmented analytics and predictive modeling to the democratization of machine learning through automation tools, the landscape is evolving rapidly. This exploration will delve into key trends shaping this amalgamation, offering a glimpse into the future of data-driven decision-making where insights are not just discovered but dynamically generated, enabling businesses to stay ahead of the curve and make strategic decisions with unparalleled precision.
The preponderance of technology is focused on the creation of value in businesses. Technology is a tool that creates value, and companies exist to facilitate the exchange of value between people. Technology is a tool that allows businesses to trade values more effectively and efficiently and create new values that may be shared, as explained above. Technology has a significant impact since it is continuously developing. Several areas for different sectors enhance how they work, especially machine learning, which helps businesses enhance their business process. Machine learning helps businesses make decisions as it has a strong relationship with business decision-making.
The contribution of machine learning in companies is essential since it has a strong relationship with business intelligence and helps organizations make better decisions when it comes to decision-making. Without machine learning, business intelligence is ineffective indecision-making, and company leaders cannot make successful decisions without machine learning.Business intelligence (BI) is referred to as converting data into information, subsequently transformed into knowledge. When it comes to business intelligence (BI), the goal is to make better, more informed choices. Business intelligence assists businesses in collecting and analyzing data to detect trends and patterns. This information may then be utilized to enhance strategic planning, operational efficiency, and marketing initiatives, among other things. One of the most significant advantages of business intelligence is that it may assist firms in reducing waste and optimizing resources. An organization that determines that it is selling things that are not in great demand, for example, might change its inventory levels to reflect this information. Alternatively, suppose a company notices that a particular product is being returned at a higher rate than others.
In that case, it may look into what could be causing the issue and take appropriate action. Organizations may also benefit from business intelligence in terms of improving customer service. Businesses may better know what consumers are searching for by watching their activity over time and analyzing the data. If a firm notices that its consumers are unhappy with its service, it may rectify the situation and improve customer satisfaction. Business intelligence (BI) is now critical component of many firms' day-to-day operations. Businesses benefit from it because it improves decision-making and helps them better understand their goods and services. The better fulfilling consumer wants, increasing sales, providing better service to customers, lowering expenses, maximizing resources, and minimizing waste improve firms' bottom lines. Recently, we've observed integrating machine learning capabilities into business intelligence systems, making BI considerably more successful at uncovering hidden insights. BI solutions that can efficiently combine these skills in a user-friendly manner will soon become the standard. As consumers get used to this feature, they will expect it to be available at all times.
GPS and other technology that we now can't fathom our lives without are examples of this. Combining these capabilities automates the process of unearthing insights that business users were not aware were available until they were discovered. For example, on a typical dashboard, a business user looking at their top-line sales would conclude that the trend seems to be in good shape and that there is no need to investigate deeper. However, there may be grounds for worry in the fine print, in the underlying makeup of the sales figures, which is difficult to discern. Some items may be doing well, while others may be exhibiting a deterioration in performance. This critical understanding is concealed from public view. Additionally, automation of this process results in insights being supplied much more rapidly, enabling the company to respond quickly and with better information. It allows the business to act faster and with better information.
Automating these procedures should allow the analyst to spend more time on other responsibilities in their organizations. Many analysts are engaged in regular chores such as variance analysis, the search for anomalies, and the creation of comments for inclusion in reports, among other things. The analyst will devote more time to higher-value activities.In data analysis, machine learning models successfully uncover hidden patterns and insights. For many decades, data professionals have used these strategies to tackle technical and challenging business challenges. Because of improvements in computing power, it is now possible to construct and execute these complicated mathematical models on a more accessible platform. Models that used to need costly, high-end technology can now run on commodity platforms accessible to everyone, regardless of their financial situation.
Machine models are categorized into Supervised, Unsupervised, Semi-supervised Learning, and Reinforcement Learning models, and these models have several algorithms which can be used for Business intelligence (BI) such as Feedforward Neural Network (FNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, KNN algorithm, etc. This paper will perform a comprehensive review of machine learning models used in business intelligence. Furthermore, we will review the impact of machine learning on business intelligence.
The availability of transportation is considered a significant hallmark of a developed society. Since the evolution of the human species, the imperative to relocate from one location to another has been a fundamental requirement. At present, there exists a plethora of transportation options in Indonesia. However, most individuals favor road transportation due to its ease and convenience. The rise in population has led to a corresponding increase in the number of vehicles on the roadways. Hence, it presents a challenge for security authorities and governmental bodies to oversee all automobiles' mobility across various locations effectively.
The present study proposes a methodology for detecting and tracking vehicles using video-based techniques. The process's initial stages involve preprocessing, including frame conversion and background subtraction. Next, the process of detecting vehicles involves the utilization of change detection and a model of body shape. Subsequently, the next stage entails the feature extraction process, focusing on extracting energy features and directional cosine. Subsequently, a technique for optimizing data is employed on the vector comprising excessively extracted features. The methodology integrates a data mining technique based on association rules, which is subsequently complemented by a random forest classification algorithm. The approach generally integrates multiple methodologies to attain effective and precise identification of automobiles in video-derived datasets.
Traffic disruption is a prevalent issue in Indonesia, particularly in the province of Special Capital District (DKI) Jakarta. The authorities have implemented multiple measures to mitigate traffic disruption in Jakarta. One of these initiatives involves the establishment of the Jakarta Smart City information system. The Jakarta Smart City information system harnesses closed-circuit television (CCTV) data from multiple sources, such as the Transportation Agency (DisHub), Bali Tower, the Public Works Service (PU), and Transjakarta, among others. Around 6,000 CCTVs are distributed across the Jakarta region, with their real-time data being transmitted and displayed on the portal of the Jakarta Smart City system. Quick detection of vehicles becomes necessary to provide inattentive drivers with sufficient time to avoid traveling conflicts and thus minimize the likelihood of rear-end collisions. Moreover, the current techniques for traffic surveillance that count automobiles using electric circuits on the road are costly. All of these factors necessitate the investigation of novel and favored techniques for the vehicle recognition task. Typically, the primary objective of detecting vehicles is to identify potential vehicle positions within an image and designate them as areas of interest (A.O.I.) for subsequent processing tasks. In contrast, computerized automobile identification is a complicated and intrinsically tricky task.
To detect moving vehicles on avenues, reliable systems and programs with efficient extraction methods are required. Real-time traffic inputs produce an enormous volume of data every day; to manage such a large quantity of data, artificial intelligence (A.I.) and computer vision methods are combined to improve the precision of the framework. This recent technological advancement has reduced human and labor needs. A robust video-based surveillance apparatus must be adaptable to the environment's behaviors. However, threats such as trembling cameras and noise interference still exist. Recognizing vehicles during the day is difficult because lengthy reflections cast by the sun can lead to misclassification or interference. In contrast, night vision detection presents difficulties due to the lack of adequate enlightenment, making it difficult for the classifier to identify effectively. Identifying target motion using artificial intelligence (A.I.) technology is one of the foundations of automobile environment sensing. Moving objects in conveyance typically refer to automobiles or individuals available in operating conditions. Additional immobile things, including transportation systems and vegetation, are typically called landscapes.
To obtain the desired format, it is necessary to distinguish moving components from the background contemporaneously by examining the video input footage extensively. Diverse strategies were employed to establish technologies capable of detecting, counting, and classifying automobiles for use in automated transport platforms' traffic tracking. This section addresses the subject matter of these kinds of systems and an understanding of the methodologies used in creating them. Naz et al. presented a video-based actual time tracking of vehicles using the optimized simulated loop methodology. The researchers utilized real-time traffic monitoring equipment installed along roads to determine the number of vehicles that traveled on the road. In this approach, accounting is done in three stages by monitoring the vehicle's movements throughout an imaginary loop monitoring zone. Ukani et al. presented an alternative video-based vehicle identification approach. In this approach, comparatively high-mounted observation cameras were employed for collecting a roadway video feed; the Adjustable framework estimating, and the Gaussian shadowing reduction consisted of the two primary techniques used. The system's precision depends on the viewing angle and its capacity to eliminate shadowing and phantom effects.
The rapid growth of data in various industries has led to the emergence of big data analytics as a vital component for extracting valuable insights and making informed decisions. However, analyzing such massive volumes of data poses significant challenges in terms of storage, processing, and analysis. In this context, the Hadoop ecosystem has gained substantial attention due to its ability to handle large-scale data processing and storage. Additionally, integrating machine learning models within this ecosystem allows for advanced analytics and predictive modeling. This article explores the potential of leveraging the Hadoop ecosystem to enhance big data analytics through the construction of machine learning models and the implementation of efficient data warehousing techniques. The proposed approach of optimizing stock price by constructing machine learning models and data warehousing empowers organizations to derive meaningful insights, optimize data processing, and make data-driven decisions efficiently. The proliferation of data has transformed the way organizations operate. The ability to extract valuable insights from vast amounts of data has become a competitive advantage across industries. However, traditional data processing and analysis techniques are insufficient to handle the sheer volume, velocity, and variety of big data. This necessitates the adoption of advanced technologies and frameworks, such as the Hadoop ecosystem, to overcome these challenges. In recent years, the prevalence of big data technology has revolutionized numerous industries, including retail, manufacturing, healthcare, and finance.The utilization of big data has proven instrumental in enhancing operational efficiency by harnessing valuable insights derived from data analysis. This research paper focuses on investigating the application of big data analytics in the context of the stock market, utilizing a publicly available dataset sourced from The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). By leveraging big data analysis, organizations can identify trends, patterns, and correlations that enable informed decision-making processes. Particularly in the stock market, analysis plays a pivotal role for investors and traders in assessing a company's intrinsic value before executing buying or selling decisions. The widespread adoption and efficacy of big data technology is largely attributable to the evolution of multifarious frameworks and platforms that cater to the manipulation and scrutiny of colossal data sets. Apache Hadoop takes a preeminent position among these big data platforms, ingeniously amalgamating the powerful MapReduce paradigm and the durable Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for proficient data governance. This technology has been embraced ubiquitously across a myriad of sectors, empowering organizations to distil pertinent insights, thus refining their decision-making apparatus. A case in point is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) that has judiciously harnessed big data technology, with a particular emphasis on Apache Hadoop, to conduct in-depth analysis of market fluctuations and draw data-oriented verdicts, conferring upon them a competitive superiority. In parallel, Apache Spark has emerged on the scene as a sought-after big data framework, renowned for its expedited processing velocity and its superior versatility in handling data, thereby outpacing the capabilities of its counterpart, Apache Hadoop.The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) can harness the capabilities of Apache Hadoop’s MapReduce and Apache Spark frameworks to process and decipher vast quantities of financial data. As illustrated in Table 1, Spark offers superior processing speed and enhanced flexibility in data manipulation, rendering it a prime candidate for processing and analyzing real-time data pertinent to the financial sector, more specifically, within the ambit of stock exchanges. This proves particularly valuable in the dynamic realm of finance where instantaneous data insights are paramount to the decision-making process. In addition, Spark's fundamental component, the Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD), presents an advantageous data processing approach within distributed systems, exhibiting higher efficiency and fault tolerance compared to MapReduce.RDD programming can be employed for data transformations, including mapping and filtering, as well as operations like counting and collecting. Given its ability to be cached in-memory, RDD enhances data access efficiency. Consequently, Spark can confer a competitive edge to stock exchanges, such as the NYSE, requiring the capability to process and dissect voluminous real-time financial data in order to maintain their standing in the brisk-paced financial industry.
In recent years, support vector machine has become one of the most
important classification techniques in pattern recognition, machine
learning, and data mining due to its superior classification effect and
solid theoretical base.
However, its training time will increase
dramatically as the number of samples increases, and training will
become more sophisticated when dealing with problems involving multiple
classifications. A quick training data reduction approach MOIS
appropriate for multi-classification tasks is presented as a solution
for the aforementioned issues. While eliminating redundant training
samples, the boundary samples that play a vital role are chosen in order
to considerably reduce training data and the problem of unequal
distribution between categories.
The experimental results demonstrate
that MOIS may maintain or even improve the classification performance of
support vector machines while substantially enhancing training
efficiency. On the Opt digit dataset, the suggested method improves
classification accuracy from 98.94% to 99.05%, while training time is
reduced to 15% of the original; in HCL2000, the proposed method improves
classification accuracy from 98.94% to 99.05%. When the accuracy rate
is marginally increased (from 99.29% to 99.30%) on the first 100
categories dataset, the training time is dramatically reduced to less
than 6% of the original. Additionally, MOIS has a high operational
efficiency.
The complexity of Business Intelligence (BI) processes need to be explored in order to ensure the BI system properly treats the tacit knowledge as part of the data source in the BI framework. Therefore, a new approach to handling tacit knowledge in the BI system still needs to be developed. The library is an ideal place to gather tacit knowledge. It is a place full of explicit knowledge stored in various bookshelves. Nevertheless, tacit knowledge is very abundant in the head of the librarians. The explicit knowledge they gained from education in the field of libraries and information was not sufficient to deal with a complex and contextual work environment. The complexity comes from many interconnected affairs that connect librarians with the surrounding environment such as supra-organizations, employees, the physical environment, and library users. This knowledge is contextual because there are various types of libraries and there are different types of library users who demand different management. Since tacit knowledge hard to capture, we need to use all possible sources of externalization of tacit knowledge. The effort to capture this knowledge is done through a social process where the transfer of knowledge takes place from an expert to an interviewer. For this reason, it is important for the interview process to be based on the SFL theory (Systemic Functional Linguistics).
The cognitive approach is ideally suited for capturing knowledge as from among the massive data available these days. The decision-maker typically must integrate multiple streams of information from the information or other collaboration with the knowledge systems in making decisions [1]. Furthermore, decisions may be based on organizational politics or routines [2], and decision-makers may limit themselves to a few choices because of “bounded rationality” [3]. Ducharme and Angelelli [4] invented the use of cognitive as advanced analytics to capture and extract tacit knowledge by elaborating the predictive analytics, stochastic analytics, and cognitive computing. Moreover, the advanced analytics approach still is implemented in the Business Intelligence (BI) environment [17]. Thus, the basic BI framework involving a tacit knowledge approach can be illustrated as shown in Figure 1.
There is a small number of earlier research about business intelligence in the academic library and library profession. An example of this research is Cox and Janti [5] on the Library Cube project, a business intelligence system that demonstrates the value that can be provided by academic libraries. However, the research is not targeting the tacit knowledge at all since it is only targeting the provided information in the academic information system. Heims et al [6] mention that reporting BI research and creating BI reports are the key area of responsibility of librarians in the information era. We addressed the problem by open dialog with the librarian, which actually what considered would happen between BI manager and librarian to develop clear communication channels [7]. Noted that for librarians, BI is part of their challenge in the information era [8].
Since tacit knowledge is hard to capture, we need to use all possible sources of externalization of tacit knowledge [9]. The effort to capture this knowledge is done through a social process where the transfer of knowledge takes place from an expert to an interviewer. For this reason, it is important for the interview process to be based on the SFL theory.
According to SFL theory, only a fraction of “can-do” turned into “can mean” and only a fraction of “can mean” turned into “can say” [9]. This is what is meant by Polanyi when he said “we know more than we can tell” [10]. Hence, only a portion of tacit knowledge can be captured by linguistic means. We need other means that came up from “can mean” which anything that could analyze semiotically. It could be non-verbal cues or drawing, written text, etc. We refer to drawing, photograph, videos, written text, and others as the documented sources and beyond our analysis. Here we just focused on non-verbal cues. However, whenever documented sources considered relevant, we could use it as a source of tacit knowledge.
A.Linguistic Source of Tacit
According to SFL theory, language is realized in four strata: semantic, lexicogrammar, phonology, and phonetics [11]. Semantics is the highest level that explains the hidden meaning of language. Lexicogrammar is an aspect of language that explains the real meaning, can be seen from the choice of words and grammar used. Phonology is the meaning that exists in sound. Phonetics is speech that arises from language activities. It can be seen that this stratification moves from something abstract (semantic) to something concrete (phonetic).
Someone will choose a word to represent his experience when speaking. What word or wording was chosen can distinguish whether the experience or knowledge expressed is an inheritance or not. In fact, sometimes, a person will find it difficult to find the right words to describe their knowledge so that they choose.
Even after knowledge has been expressed verbally and non-verbally, there is still space where the knowledge of tacit cannot be expressed at all and can only be demonstrated by behavior. Apart from observations requiring precise and specific time, experts generally do not like being observed while working [12]. In addition, observations become more complicated when several experts are involved [12]. This can only be done in a non-intrusive manner such as a surveillance camera, but it can be a problem with privacy issues. Alternatively, observations can be made through third-person testimonies. In this case, the interview was conducted on the third person who had witnessed the behavior of the first person who was the target to reveal the knowledge of his possessions.
The framework above shows the design used to capture the comprehensive knowledge of experts. Based on the SFL theory, tacit knowledge consists of three levels. The first level is the most basic level where a person can only do but cannot interpret it, let alone say it. This knowledge is contextual tacit knowledge because it can only be raised in a supportive context. It can only be collected through observation. Even so, because the context is very specific, in terms of space and time, only people present in that context can see and understand from their perspective what the tacit knowledge is. In this study, it is assumed that the person is a peer. Researchers collected data on tacit knowledge from peers through cognitive interviews. Furthermore, we can conclude there are two ways to collect tacit knowledge:
1.Focused on the stated problem. Participant presented with a problem which needs tacit knowledge to be solved. The tacit knowledge needed to solve this problem can be collected with interviews, based on respondents chosen with questionnaires. Questions in the interview informed by problems urgency, detected by questionnaire. Here, sequences of the steps determine the completeness of tacit knowledge. The figure below show the connection between questionnaire design and decision.
Beberapa orang percaya bahwa Data analitik dan Data Analisis memiliki makna yang sama. Dari situ terkadang beberapa orang menggunakannya secara bergantian. Secara teknis ini tidak benar. Sebenarnya ada perbedaan yang jelas antara keduanya. Jadi mari kita bahas perbedaan yang tidak begitu jelas antara istilah analisis dan analitik karena meskipun memiliki kesamaan kata-kata, namun memiliki pengertian berbeda.
Pertama kita akan mulai dengan analisis.
Pertimbangkan yang berikut ini.
Anda memiliki kumpulan data yang besar dan berisi data dari beragam jenis yang berbeda. Agar menghindari risiko kesalahan atau agar tidak kewalahan dalam memahami data tersebut, kemudian anda memisahkan setiap data yang anda peroleh sehingga lebih mudah untuk mencerna potongan-potongan data dan mempelajarinya secara individu dan memeriksa bagaimana mereka berhubungan dengan bagian lain. Sampai di sini, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa anda sedang melakukan Analisis pada data yang anda peroleh.
Namun satu hal penting yang perlu diingat adalah bahwa Anda melakukan analisis pada hal-hal yang telah terjadi di masa lalu. Misalnya seperti melakukan analisis untuk menjelaskan bagaimana akhir dari pencapaian target penjualan atau bagaimana historis penurunan curah hujan musim panas lalu.
Semua ini berarti kita melakukan analisis untuk menjelaskan bagaimana dan atau mengapa sesuatu terjadi.
Sekarang mengenai Analitik (Analytics).
Analytics umumnya mengacu pada masa depan, alih-alih menjelaskan peristiwa masa lalu. Dengan kata lain adalah mengeksplorasi potensi masa depan. Analytics pada dasarnya adalah penerapan penalaran logis dan komputasi untuk bagian komponen yang diperoleh dalam analisis. Dalam melakukan kegiatan analitik ini, Anda mencari pola dalam mengeksplorasi apa yang dapat Anda lakukan di masa depan.
Di sini analitik bercabang menjadi dua bidang. Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif.
Analitik kualitatif biasanya menggunakan intuisi dan pengalaman Anda bersama dengan analisis untuk merencanakan langkah bisnis Anda berikutnya (yang seringnya digabungkan bersamaan dengan teknik analisis kuantitatif dengan cara menerapkan rumus dan algoritma ke angka yang telah Anda kumpulkan dari analisis Anda).
Misalnya, katakanlah Anda adalah pemilik toko pakaian online. Anda unggul dalam persaingan dan memiliki pemahaman yang baik tentang apa kebutuhan dan keinginan pelanggan Anda. Anda telah melakukan analisis yang sangat rinci dari artikel pakaian wanita dan merasa yakin tentang tren mode mana yang akan diikuti. Anda dapat menggunakan intuisi ini untuk memutuskan gaya pakaian mana yang akan mulai dijual. Ini akan menjadi analisis kualitatif tetapi Anda mungkin tidak tahu kapan harus memperkenalkan koleksi baru.
Dalam hal mengandalkan data penjualan sebelumnya dan data pengalaman pengguna, Anda dapat memperkirakan pada bulan apa yang terbaik untuk melakukannya dengan dasar perhitungan kuantitatif. Yang mana, analisis kuantitatif melibatkan angka dan perhitungan spesifik. Dalam hal ini, Anda melakukan analisis kualitatif untuk menjelaskan bagaimana atau mengapa, serta melakukan analisis kuantitatif dengan data masa lalu untuk menjelaskan bagaimana penjualan menurun musim panas lalu untuk memperbaikinya di masa yang akan datang.
Kemudian bagaimana hubungannya dengan Data Sains? Data Sains adalah hasil yang diperoleh atau kegiatan dari (katakanlah) ahli statistik yang mengikuti teknologi modern. Untuk lebih jelasnya bisa dibaca pada postingan: Terminologi Ilmu Data (Data Science) dalam Kegiatan Bisnis
Mengapa data sangat penting? Apa yang begitu penting tentang data dan hubungannya dengan bisnis yang sehat? Seiring dengan berjalannya sebuah perusahaan, apakah dengan ketersediaan data atau tidak, sangat dapat disimpulkan bahwa data adalah dasar dari setiap perusahaan yang sukses. Selain itu, pihak manajemen level dalam suatu perusahaan sadar bahwa dengan mendapatkan data yang spesifik akan sangat membantu perusahaan dalam bersaing.
Dalam sebuah perusahaan terdapat tim yang bekerja sebagai pengolah data. Kita sebut saja Tim Data. Tim data memiliki satu tujuan yaitu ingin menyelesaikan masalah dalam bisnis perusahaan. Tim akan melakukan sejumlah besar pekerjaan pada data yang tersedia sesuai dengan masalah yang timbul pada perusahaan.
Simple Business Glossary Example. sumber: Ewsolutions
Kemudian dalam tim data tersebut, terdapat tim business intelligence yang menyajikan dashboard bisnis atau dapat dikatakan penyajian data mengenai apa yang telah terjadi pada masa yang telah lalu.
Tim data ini kemudian menggunakan beberapa teknik bisnis analitik atau alat analisis data untuk mengembangkan model yang dapat memprediksi hasil di masa yang akan datang.
Agar tidak membingungkan, mari kita bahas mengenai Data Science terlebih dahulu.
Salah satu penyebab kebingungan mengenai Data Science dewasa ini salah satunya disebabkan oleh evolusi terus-menerus dari berbagai cabang ilmu yang mempelajari data yang melahirkan banyak istilah terminologi ilmu yang mempelajari mengenai data. Salah satunya adalah data science atau ilmu data. Seseorang yang memiliki gelar ahli statistik dua puluh lima tahun yang lalu memiliki tanggung jawab untuk mengumpulkan dan membersihkan beberapa data set dengan menerapkan berbagai metode statistik. Namun dengan pertumbuhan data dan peningkatan teknologi yang cukup signifikan, ahli statistik ini pada akhirnya mampu mengekstrak pola dari data yang ada atau yang telah dianalisa.
Business and Data Science Buzzwords. source: Udemy Course
Ekstraksi pola ini misalnya, berawal dari ahli statistik yang mengembangkan model matematis dengan tujuan untuk melakukan perkiraan yang lebih tepat dan akurat. Kemudian beberapa tahun setelahnya, ahli statistik yang sama, dengan model matematika dan metode statistik baru yang mampu melakukan perkiraan yang lebih akurat melahirkan Datamining.
Business and Data Science Buzzwords. source: Udemy Course
Kemudian dihasilkan data lebih berkualitas untuk melakukan prediksi. Terminologi Analitik Prediktif pun membuat ahli statistik menjadi seorang ilmuwan data atau Data Scientist yang telah mengikuti teknologi modern.
Business and Data Science Buzzwords. source: Udemy
Course
Idea to capture knowledge from different sources can be very beneficial to Business Intelligence (BI). Organizations need to collect data sources from type of structured and unstructured, including individuals' tacit knowledge in order to have the better output in data analysis. Therefore, the complexity of BI processes need to be explored in order to ensure the process will properly treat the tacit knowledge as a part of the data source in BI framework. Moreover, the linkage between unstructured data and tacit knowledge is generally consistent, for the reason that one of tacit knowledge characteristic is unstructured, which is difficult to capture, codify, estimate, investigate, formalize, write down, and communicate accurately. Cognitive approach is ideally suited for the capturing tacit knowledge as from among the massive data available these days. Typically, the organization must integrate multiple streams of data from several sources or other collaboration resources with the knowledge systems for making the decisions. This paper explores the possibility of tacit knowledge used in BI framework to perform data analysis for decision makers.
Introduction
Raw data or information retains within the organization in the form of explicit, implicit and tacit knowledge with limited resources. Several researches have been conducted in Business Intelligence (BI) and Knowledge Management (KM) domain to solve the problem by using tacit knowledge for data analysis. Yet, the new information, knowledge, and un-structured data are used to improve the decision making. The raw data and information need to be processed to acquire knowledge through the use of the analytical approach, which is normally the analyst will use the descriptive or predictive analysis approach to produce results for making a decision.
The idea of taking knowledge from different sources can be very beneficial to BI, especially for tacit knowledge. The identifying content or “data” from authors or experts in the form of tacit and “know-how” knowledge is important to be used for data analysis. Currently, the use of BI applications for managing and analyzing the explicit knowledge is the major portion of the enterprise software of BI for data analytics. Therefore, the requirement of BI application that can support for managing the tacit knowledge is crucially important. This paper will start with a discussion on how the tacit knowledge can be part of unstructured data and later can be used for data analysis in BI framework. Even though several models and frameworks have been proposed by many researchers, but the limited framework for BI system still needs to be explored. Additionally, the traditional method of BI framework can be enhanced by using the cognitive approach to handle the capturing of tacit knowledge sources.
Tacit knowledge needs to be converted to either structured or unstructured data to being codified in the BI system. The proposed model for managing tacit knowledge is developed by using KID model and cognitive approach to capture and extract tacit knowledge, and develop a new data centric model that works with traditional structured data as well as unstructured data including video, image, and digital signal processing.
METHODOLOGY
This research will adapt the hybrid methodology of qualitative and quantitative approach due to handling experiment with the human knowledge. This research has investigated the limitations of BI framework in capturing various data types to identify the problem in handling the tacit knowledge for data analysis. This has built the gap in this research and worth it to explore the solution for this problem. Several studies have been conducted in the field of BI and KM, but lacking of research work which has explored the solution for tackling tacit knowledge of data analysis in the BI system. Therefore, we argue must be a study to propose a method to handle the tacit knowledge and later can be used for data analysis in BI framework. The traditional method of BI framework will be enhanced by using the cognitive approach to handle the tacit knowledge of BI framework for data analysis.
Cognitive Approach
Cognitive Analytics
Cognitive Mapping
PROPOSED BI FRAMEWORK
The key of BI is to capture, analyze, and share such knowledge. The process of capturing knowledge with the cognitive approach might be useful in order to improve the predictive and prescriptive results BI framework. Authors show the generated KID generated model that consists of three elements, which are: D, I, and K, and also Knowledge repository, named K-store as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The capital D refers to data which represent the observable properties of objects in the external world. The capital I represent the information, as the result of data which being interpreted by existing knowledge which is referred to what human have said.
The capital K refers to knowledge which is formed by assimilating the information into existing knowledge or derived from updating knowledge. D, I, and K are interrelated. Their interrelationships are defined by the three transformation functions. The KID model is a cognitive model, since data are is a cognitive process from data to knowledge. It adopts the results of psycologists' investigations, simulates human information processing and built based on our argument that any cognitive model can be built
with three transormation process from data to knowledge. The implication for the relations of data, information, knowledge and wisdom still lacks explicit and pragmatic approaches. Yet, tacit knowledge contains wisdom, where wisdom is solely owned by humans. From the model as shown as Figure 4 above, authors stated that knowledge as the basic unit of wisdom, where wisdom is also probabilistic. The cognitive approach is suitable for the "more than one" hypotheses to be analyzed. Moreover, as it is a kind of decision support that allows people to explain new opportunities, which has an impact in a positive manner. The key to BI is to capture, analyze, and share such knowledge. Thus, the process of capturing knowledge with the cognitive approach might be useful in order to improve the predictive and prescriptive results in BI applications.
Masalah terbesar untuk Knowledge Management (KM) adalah pada bagian pengetahuan individu yang bersifat tacit. Yang mana, pengetahuan tacit adalah pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang terdapat di dalam otak/pikiran individu, atau keahlian dan pengalaman seseorang yang mana biasanya pengetahuan ini tidak terstruktur, susah untuk didefinisikan, dan isinya mencakup pemahaman pribadi. Lebih jauh lagi, pengetahuan tacit bisa hilang jika terjadi merger, reorganisasi, dan apabila terjadi perampingan dalam sebuah organisasi. Analisis kontekstual yang didukung oleh sistem kognitif adalah sistem analisis lanjutan yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan pengetahuan tacit. Teknik analisis kontekstual seperti peringkat relevansi digunakan selain pemodelan relasi entitas, ekstraksi entitas, penandaan suku cadang, dan sebagainya. Dengan demikian, data dapat dianalisis dalam sekumpulan pengetahuan implisit dan eksplisit. Yang mana pengetahuan eksplisit merupakan pengetahuan yang bersifat formal dan sistematis yang mudah dikomunikasikan dan dibagi, yang mana pada umumnya pengetahuan ekspilist dapat dengan mudah diperoleh dalam bentuk tulisan atau dokumentasi. Sementara itu, pengetahuan implisit merupakan sebuah kemampuan yang dapat dengan mudah ditransfer dengan menggunakan praktik, atau dengan memberikan contoh, seperti misalnya mengendarai sepeda atau kenderaan. Implisit merupakan pengetahuan yang dikumpulkan sehingga menjadi pakar berdasarkan pengalaman.
Lebih jauh lagi, jika pengetahuan implisit dan berbagai perspektif disertakan dalam sebuah analisis, maka sebuah analisis yang bersifat kontekstual dapat menjadi analisis kognitif.
Tulisan ini akan mengeksplorasi pendekatan kognitif untuk menganalisis KM di lingkungan Business Intelligence (BI).
Manajemen Pengetahuan atau KM merupakan sebuah alat strategis yang memiliki tujuan untuk membangun informasi dalam Intellectual Capital (IC) dalam sebuah organisasi. Manajemen biasanya menggunakan KM tool sebagai alat yang paling efisien untuk mengubah individu menjadi aset yang berharga. Selain itu, setiap tindakan efisiensi yang dilakukan dalam organisasi akan lebih mungkin dilakukan jika setiap organisasi telah melakukan proses BI pada jalur yang benar. Oleh karenanya, BI terkait erat dengan keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh KM. Suatu organisasi kemungkinan menghadapi masalah ketika sampai pada titik pelaksanaan dikarenakan kurangnya informasi yang diperoleh. Sementara itu, teknologi yang terdapat pada BI memainkan aturan penting dalam pengelolaan informasi dalam skala besar yang lebih baik. Namun, meningkatkan keterampilan setiap individu dalam sebuah organisasi bukanlah tugas yang mudah. Butuh waktu sebelum keterampilan yang diharapkan dapat diperoleh. Itulah sebabnya transfer pengetahuan sangat penting dalam organisasi terutama dalam proses menjelaskan pengetahuan dari satu individu sehingga mampu dipelajari dan diadaptasi oleh entitas manapun.
Business Intelligence
BI terdiri dari proses bisnis penting yang mengumpulkan dan menganalisis informasi untuk keputusan dan tindakan bisnis terutama pada penggunaan alat informasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja bisnis. BI terdiri dari teknologi, proses dan implikasi yang memungkinkan perolehan, penyimpanan, pengambilan dan analisis data untuk pengambilan keputusan yang lebih baik. On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) adalah sebuah alat BI yang memungkinkan pencarian dan pengujian data yang relevan beserta perhitungan dan identifikasi hubungan. Data mining dapat digunakan dalam proses mengidentifikasi tren, pola dan hubungan antara sejumlah besar data. Data mining menggunakan teknik statistik dan matematis seiring dengan teknologi. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) adalah asosiasi manusia dan mesin untuk penyediaan informasi yang otentik dan berguna untuk mendukung manajemen dalam pengambilan sebuah keputusan. OLAP adalah salah satu komponen penting BI yang digunakan dalam melakukan sebuah proses analisis. OLAP memiliki beberapa bentuk, diantaranya adalah klasifikasi, pola sekuensial, analisis regresi dan link. Dengan demikian, proses BI adalah pendekatan yang relevan untuk menganalisis data pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan untuk menangkap dan menganalisis pengetahuan.
Manajemen Pengetahuan (Knowledge Management)
KM adalah teknik pencarian, akuisisi, pengorganisasian dan komunikasi informasi dan pengetahuan dalam sebuah organisasi. Pengetahuan bisa tersirat (tacit) atau eksplisit yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman kepemimpinan, usaha kelompok, pengalaman individu, dan jiwa karyawan. Akuisisi informasi yang relevan adalah proses mengidentifikasi dan menangkap materi yang terkait erat dengan tujuan saat ini. Pengambilan informasi adalah tahap kedua dari proses KM dimana organisasi mengeluarkan informasi spesifik dari berbagai sumber. Pengetahuan yang diambil dari organisasi akan diproses dengan menggunakan BI tool, teknik, atau framework, dan kemudian penggunaan pendekatan kognitif untuk pengetahuan tacit akan digunakan sebagai bagian dari solusi analitik.
Pendekatan Kognitif untuk Menangkap Pengetahuan
Pendekatan kognitif mampu merekam, menganalisa, mengingat, belajar, dan menyelesaikan masalah dari informasi yang tersedia dari pengetahuan dan pengalaman individu. Sistem kognitif saat ini juga dapat melakukan transfer pengetahuan dan menjadi praktik terbaik dalam kegiatan analisis data. Dalam kasus penggunaan ini, sistem kognitif dirancang untuk membangun dialog antara manusia dan mesin sehingga dapat dipelajari oleh sistem. Selama setiap pengetahuan bersifat probabilistik, selalu dipengaruhi oleh faktor manusia dan sosial, dan membutuhkan cara kognitif untuk dikelola, maka pendekatan kognitif cocok untuk hipotesis yang lebih dari satu untuk dianalisis. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini akan menjelaskan penggunaan pendekatan kognitif untuk pengelolaan pengetahuan di lingkungan BI.
Metodologi
Teknik penelitian kualitatif telah diadopsi untuk tulisan ini. Teknik kualitatif ini meliputi analisis tinjauan dari berbagai literatur terhadap penelitian terdahulu dan model KM dan BI yang telah diusulkan. Kerangka teoritis sebagai pondasi penelitian juga telah dikembangkan dengan mengadopsi beberapa model penelitian sebelumnya. Dengan demikian, kebutuhan untuk kerangka kerja integrasi untuk mencapai tujuan ini ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.
Gambar 1. Kerangka kerja teoritis integrasi KM & BI untuk mencapai daya saing
Pada tahap pertama metodologi adalah proses pengumpulan data, dimana para manajer diajukan beberapa pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan pencapaian daya saing melalui KM dan penggunaan BI di dalamnya. Beberapa pertanyaannya adalah sebagai berikut:
